SABBATH IS “EVENING TO EVENING”

When is ‘Evening’ in the Bible?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

by

Steven Greene

 

Website: https://sabbathreflections.org

Email: sabbathreflections@gmail.com

 

 

Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture

is from the King James Version.

Contents

PREFACE  5

CHAPTER 1  7

Definitions. 7

Biblical Time—Days, Week, Months, Years. 7

Summary. 10

CHAPTER 2  11

The Sabbath Day is Evening to Evening. 11

Secular Evidence. 12

Passover & Unleavened Bread Are Evening to Evening. 12

Atonement is Evening to Evening. 13

Sabbath & Atonement Are Unique Days. 13

Summary. 15

CHAPTER 3  16

When is ‘Evening’?. 16

CHAPTER 4  19

Creation Days—“Evenings and Mornings” 19

The Sabbath is the Name of the Seventh Day. 21

Night & Day vs. Day & Night 22

Epiphosko—Not the Time Prior to Sunrise. 24

Other Scripture. 25

Summary. 25

CONCLUSION  27

SABBATH IS EVENING TO EVENING

“Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the LORD your God. … For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it.

— Exodus 20:8-11.

PREFACE 

There is a false teaching spreading that seventh-day Sabbath observance only spans 12 hours of daylight, beginning at sunrise and ending at sunset. Those who have only recently begun looking into keeping the seventh-day Sabbath could easily be influenced by such teachings; however, it is surprising that anyone with a rudimentary knowledge of the Bible can be swayed by such utter nonsense.

As one of the Ten Commandments, keeping the Sabbath Day is vitally important. The seventh day of the week was set apart by God and its observance is the sign of His people. God places a great emphasis on keeping it because it is holy time to Him. For that reason, those who intentionally despise or disrespect the Sabbath Day can expect a harsh judgment:

EXODUS 31:13-17 “Speak also to the children of Israel, saying: ‘Surely My Sabbaths you shall keep, for it is a sign between Me and you throughout your generations, that you may know that I am the LORD who sanctifies you. 14 ‘You shall keep the Sabbath, therefore, for it is holy to you. Everyone who profanes it shall surely be put to death; for whoever does any work on it, that person shall be cut off from among his people. 15 ‘Work shall be done for six days, but the seventh is the Sabbath of rest, holy to the LORD. Whoever does any work on the Sabbath day, he shall surely be put to death. 16 ‘Therefore the children of Israel shall keep the Sabbath, to observe the Sabbath throughout their generations as a perpetual covenant. 17 ‘It is a sign between Me and the children of Israel forever; for in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day He rested and was refreshed.’ ”

Deliberately violating the Sabbath Day demands the death penalty. Teaching that the Sabbath Day is less than a full 24-hour day is showing contempt for God and intending to change times and Law:

DANIEL 7:25 He [the Beast with ten horns] shall speak pompous words against the Most High, Shall persecute the saints of the Most High, And shall intend to change times and law. …

This is a very serious matter to the Most High God[1]:

REVELATION 22:18-19 For I testify to everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: If anyone adds to these things, God will add to him the plagues that are written in this book; 19 and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the Book of Life, from the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book.

From a secular perspective, claiming the Sabbath Day is less than 24 hours is as ridiculous as suggesting that any day of observance, whether God’s holydays or national holidays such as Christmas, is only 12 hours during daylight. No one sets aside a special day and limits it to something less than 24 hours. If that were the case, why do calendars not have fourteen columns labeled Sunday, Sunnight, Monday, Monnight, … Saturday, and Saturnight?

There is a vast amount of evidence in the form of historical writings and ancient traditions that prove the Sabbath Day, as well as the other six days of the week, are 24 hours—too much to include in this booklet. Instead, absolute proof will come from the Bible—the source of God’s Truth.

CHAPTER 1 

Definitions

The following definitions are used throughout:

Biblical Time—Days, Week, Months, Years

Darkness and light are not opposites; rather, darkness is the absence of light. Only darkness existed at the beginning of God’s work in Genesis so nighttime and daytime did not exist until after light was created. Importantly, the duration of a solar day on earth is marked by one rotation measured at a meridian, independent of light. Whether the earth was already rotating or God initiated it when He began His work, light was established on the first day and that singular act divided days into nighttime and daytime.

God’s work on the earth began in Genesis 1:2, which says, “… darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.” This was the first day, but when did God’s work actually begin? It was not the moment when light was created because the Spirit of God was active before the light when His Spirit was hovering or moving in the darkness.

Each of the six Genesis creation work days is a period of time covering both “the evening and the morning”:

GENESIS 1:5, 8, 13, 19, 23, 31 … the evening and the morning were the [first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth] day.

One complete rotation of the earth is called a solar day and that duration has been defined and fixed at 24 hours. No matter the latitude (north-south location), one complete rotation of the earth measured at a meridian is always 24 hours. The duration of a day never changes because it is solely dependent upon the rotation of the earth, not the axis tilt or the orientation with the sun. As the earth rotates, the light-dark terminator passes over a fixed point twice in 24 hours—once during the evening transition and once during the morning transition. The time between the evening and morning transitions is about 12 hours (at the equator).

Light brought into existence both evening (Heb. ‘ereḇ) and morning (Heb. boqer) because half the earth is in sunlight and the other half is in darkness. Evening and morning are transitions from light to darkness and darkness to light respectively, because of refraction and scattering of the sun’s rays in the atmosphere. Looking ‘down’ on the earth, one would see what is called the light-dark terminator—a circumferential line around the earth resulting from the simultaneous presence of darkness on one half and light on the other.

God had to begin His work in darkness on the first day in Genesis. Light was the result of His work so His work began before the light; that is, in darkness. Even though there was no evening to mark the beginning of the darkness, God began His work within the same 24-hour period that light was created; therefore, “evening” marked the beginning of the first day because the rotation of the earth is fixed at 24 hours.

It would be impossible for mankind to mark time on earth without light to reveal the beginning and ending of a day. The sun and moon both distinguish nighttime from daytime, but a day is still determined by the rotation of the earth.

A year is one orbit of the earth around the sun and a month is one orbit of the moon around the earth. Without the sun and moon, time in the form of days, months, and years would not exist. Light, which includes the sun, moon, and stars, established time for mankind:

GENESIS 1:14, 16-18 Then God said, “Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs and seasons, and for days and years; … 16 Then God made two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He made the stars also. 17 God set them in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth, 18 and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness. And God saw that it was good.

A day is one rotation of the earth, which is further divided into nighttime and daytime:

[FV] DANIEL 8:14 And he [the angel] said to me [Daniel], “Unto two thousand, three hundred evenings [H6153 = ‘ereḇ] and mornings [H1242 = boqer]. Then the sanctuary shall be cleansed.”

The 2,300 equal periods of darkness (evening) and light (mornings) are equivalent to 1,150 days and they were commonly considered to be about 12 hours each:

JOHN 11:9-10 Jesus answered, “Are there not twelve hours in the day? If anyone walks in the day, he does not stumble, because he sees the light of this world. 10 “But if one walks in the night, he stumbles, because the light is not in him.”

Summary

The sun and moon establish nighttime and daytime, months, and years; however, the rotation of the earth fixes the duration of a solar day at 24 hours, independent of the sun and moon. The sun divides a day into 12 hours of nighttime and daytime. Days begin at evening according to Scripture, which corresponds to God starting His work in darkness. Nighttime begins at evening as the earth transitions from light to darkness and daytime begins at morning as the earth transitions from darkness to light.

Months are determined by one orbit of the moon around the earth and a year is one orbit of the earth around the sun. Calendars show months and years but actual months and years are not measured in whole number of days. A month is 29.53 days and a year is 365.24 days because they are not linked to days. Simply put, the rotation of the earth, the orbit of the moon around the earth, and the orbit of the earth around the sun are not synchronized so months and years cannot be expressed in whole number of days.

A week, however, is directly linked to whole days. It consists of seven repeating and consecutive days because God created the week by working for six days and resting on one.

Above all, the duration of a day, week, month, and year is fixed and unchanging (at least post-Noachian flood).

CHAPTER 2 

The Sabbath Day is Evening to Evening

The question now is how does the Sabbath Day observance relate to the period of time called a day? Specifically, when does observance of the biblical Sabbath begin and when does it end? Scripture confirms that the weekly Sabbath Day begins at evening:

NEHEMIAH 13:19 And it came to pass, that when the gates of Jerusalem began to be dark before the sabbath, I commanded that the gates should be shut, and charged that they should not be opened till after the sabbath: and some of my servants set I at the gates, that there should no burden be brought in on the sabbath day.

Not only does the Sabbath Day begin at evening, Sabbath Day observance includes the nighttime that follows evening:

NEHEMIAH 13:21 Then I warned them, and said to them, “Why do you spend the night around the wall? If you do so again, I will lay hands on you!” From that time on they came no more on the Sabbath.

Sabbath Day observance clearly starts at evening. It continues through the nighttime, and ends the following evening:

EZEKIEL 46:1-2 Thus saith the Lord GOD; The gate of the inner court that looketh toward the east shall be shut the six working days; but on the sabbath it shall be opened, and in the day of the new moon it shall be opened. 2 And the prince shall enter by the way of the porch of that gate without, and shall stand by the post of the gate, and the priests shall prepare his burnt offering and his peace offerings, and he shall worship at the threshold of the gate: then he shall go forth; but the gate shall not be shut until the evening [H6153 = ‘ereḇ].

Nehemiah shut the gates to Jerusalem to prevent merchants from buying and selling during the Sabbath Day. He did this at the evening of the sixth day, which was the beginning of the Sabbath Day observance. The gates that Ezekiel mentioned are to the inner court of the Temple. These were open during the Sabbath Day to allow people to gather to worship God but he closed them at the evening of the seventh day, which was the end of the Sabbath Day.

Secular Evidence

There is a mountain of historical writings that affirm the seventh-day Sabbath observance begins at evening and ends 24 hours later at evening. One example of such is recorded in the writings of first century A.D. historian Josephus in his Wars of the Jews Book IV, Chapter 9, ¶12:

“…the last [tower] was erected above the top of the Pastophoria, where one of the priests stood of course, and gave a signal beforehand, with a trumpet at the beginning of every seventh day, in the evening twilight, as also at the evening when that day was finished …”

Josephus captured the understanding and practice of the Jews at the time of Jesus Christ who kept the Sabbath Day beginning at evening and ending 24 hours later at evening. In all his writings, Josephus never mentioned Jesus keeping a different Sabbath Day observance. It would have been a noteworthy incident because it would have brought upon Him a sentence of death.

Passover & Unleavened Bread Are Evening to Evening

The Bible says the days of Passover and seven days of the Feast of Unleavened Bread all begin at evening:

EXODUS 12:18 In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at even [H6153 = ‘ereḇ], ye shall eat unleavened bread, until the one and twentieth day of the month at even [H6153 = ‘ereḇ].

Passover and the Days of Unleavened Bread are eight days total, beginning at the evening of the 14th and ending at the evening of the 21^st. The only way the 14th to the 21st spans eight days is if each day begins at evening and each day ends 24 hours later the following evening. There is no mention that any day begins with morning. The following scriptures also confirm that Passover begins at evening of the 14th day of first month called Nisan:

DEUTERONOMY 16:6 But at the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even [H6153 = ‘ereḇ], at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt.

JOSHUA 5:10 And the children of Israel encamped in Gilgal, and kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the month at even [H6153 = ‘ereḇ] in the plains of Jericho.

Scripture plainly states that Passover and the Days of Unleavened Bread are eight calendar days and each begins at evening. Since all days are 24 hours, simple math proves that if all days begin at evening, they must therefore also end 24 hours later at evening.

Atonement is Evening to Evening

The Day of Atonement also begins and ends at evening:

LEVITICUS 23:32 It shall be unto you a sabbath of rest, and ye shall afflict your souls: in the ninth day of the month at even [H6153 = ‘ereḇ], from even [H6153 = ‘ereḇ] unto even [H6153 = ‘ereḇ], shall ye celebrate your sabbath.

Scriptures clearly establish that the Day of Atonement begins at evening of the ninth day of the seventh month Tishri and ends 24 hours later at the next evening.

Sabbath & Atonement Are Unique Days

The Sabbath and Atonement are both very special and unique days:

LEVITICUS 23:3 ‘Six days shall work be done, but the seventh day is a Sabbath [H7676 = shabbath] of solemn rest [H7677 = shabbathown], a holy convocation. You shall do no work on it; it is the Sabbath of the LORD in all your dwellings.

LEVITICUS 23:27-32 “Also the tenth day of this seventh month shall be the Day of Atonement. It shall be a holy convocation for you; you shall afflict your souls, and offer an offering made by fire to the LORD. 28 “And you shall do no work on that same day, for it is the Day of Atonement, to make atonement for you before the LORD your God. 29 “For any person who is not afflicted in soul on that same day shall be cut off from his people. 30 “And any person who does any work on that same day, that person I will destroy from among his people. 31 “You shall do no manner of work [H4399 = mla’kah = “no work”]; it shall be a statute forever throughout your generations in all your dwellings. 32 “It shall be to you a sabbath [H7676 = shabbath] of solemn rest [H7677 = shabbathown], and you shall afflict your souls; on the ninth day of the month at evening, from evening to evening, you shall celebrate your sabbath.”

The weekly Sabbath Day and the Day of Atonement are both a “Sabbath of rest” (shabbath shabbathown). This is an important designation by God that is not given to any other holyday. They also have the distinction that they are holy convocations and days in which all work is prohibited. This makes them unique from all the other commanded observances of God.

However, claims that the Sabbath Day is only to be observed during the 12 hours of daytime violate these three designations. The Genesis week is seven 24-hour rotations of the earth—seven days. The Sabbath is also a 24-hour day because it is the seventh day. If the Sabbath observance is only during the daytime, then work would be allowed during the nighttime in clear violation of “you shall do no work on that same day,”—a day is always 24 hours. It also violates the “Sabbath of rest” and holy convocation.

The Day of Atonement is unique from the other holydays and it is a full 24-hour day. Only the Sabbath Day has the same designations as a Sabbath of rest, a holy convocation, and a day forbidding all work. Considering that violating the Sabbath Day is punishable by death[2], who would risk observing it for only half a day especially since Scripture clearly proves the Sabbath Day is a 24-hour observance?

Summary

The Bible clearly establishes several facts that cannot be disputed:

1)       A solar day is fixed to 24 hours by the rotation of the earth around a meridian.

2)       Evening is the transition from light to darkness and morning is the transition from darkness to light and each is about 12 hours (at the equator).

3)       Days begin at evening according to Scripture, which corresponds to God starting His work in darkness.

4)       Scripture proves the Sabbath, Passover, Days of Unleavened Bread, and Atonement are all 24-hour days and all begin and end at evening.

5)       There is no scriptural evidence that a day that is a commanded observance—or any other day for that matter—begins at morning or is less than 24 hours.

 

CHAPTER 3 

When is ‘Evening’?

The formal astronomical definition of evening is the period of time when the sun is close to the horizon and comprises the periods of civil, nautical, and astronomical twilight[3]. Colloquially, evening may be used to include the last waning daytime shortly before sunset[4]. In modern terms, evening is more properly referred to as twilight because it describes the soft glowing light from the sky caused by the refraction and scattering of the sun’s rays from the atmosphere when the sun is below the horizon. The modern understanding of evening and twilight is a substantial period of time between sunset and darkness.

When it comes to observing the seventh day Sabbath, Passover, and holydays, the Bible specifically uses the Hebrew word ‘ereḇ, translated evening, to refer to the beginning and ending of the observance of each day. But when exactly is evening?

Light from the sun is refracted and scattered by the atmosphere around the earth making it difficult to pinpoint the exact time that evening occurs. Does evening begin when the sun goes below the horizon or is it later as the sky dims?

The Bible never uses the term ‘sunset’ for the beginning or ending of a day. The exact meaning of evening is also not clearly defined or understood. The Jews have spent much time debating this topic and generally define evening as the period of time beginning at sunset and lasting until three stars are visible. This is obviously inexact and, for that reason, they decreed that the earliest possible moment for evening to occur is sunset, just as the sun dips below the horizon. Because the biblical meaning of evening is so uncertain, they traditionally observe the Sabbath Day beginning a few minutes before sunset on Friday until an hour after sunset on Saturday when three stars are visible and there is no question that evening is past. For Jews, Sabbath Day observance is ~25 hours.

From a few minutes before sunset to an hour after sunset is certainly one way to keep the Sabbath Day. Another is simply from sunset to sunset, which has been the tradition for many Christian believers today. But is that sufficient? Should people observe the Sabbath Day for 25 hours?

The answer lies in keeping the Passover. Like all other commanded observances, Passover day begins at evening. However, understanding when the Passover lamb must be killed provides the proof for the true meaning of evening:

EXODUS 12:6 ‘Now you shall keep it [the Passover] until the fourteenth day of the same month. Then the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it at twilight [Heb. bên hā‘arbāyim].

Many translations use evening (KJV) instead of twilight (NKJV); however, the Hebrew word here is bên hā‘arbāyim, which is the period of time between sunset and darkness. The Jews also use this definition but do not distinguish twilight from evening. It is important to emphasize that twilight (Heb. bên hā‘arbāyim) requires the sacrifice of the Passover lamb to occur after sunset but before total darkness because it must be “at [or during] twilight.” But twilight differs significantly from the word that is translated evening used elsewhere to mark the beginning and ending of a day:

GENESIS 1:5 God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. So the evening [Heb. ‘ereḇ] and the morning were the first day.

The Hebrew here for evening is quite different from Exodus 12:6. When the Bible mentions the beginning or ending of a day, it is always the Hebrew word ‘ereḇ, commonly translated evening. In modern terms, evening is the transition period from daylight to darkness; however, the lamb must be sacrificed on Passover but during twilight so it must occur after the Passover day begins at evening. When does a day begin? At evening. If the lamb must be sacrificed during twilight (Heb. bên hā‘arbāyim)—meaning after sunset but before total darkness—and the Passover day begins at evening (Heb. ‘ereḇ), then evening must refer to sunset. Anything later would be between the sunset and total darkness—the period of time defined as twilight when the lamb must be sacrificed. Therefore, evening occurs at sunset or when the entire sun dips just below the horizon. This means a biblical day begins at sunset and ends 24 hours later at the following sunset.

 

CHAPTER 4 

Creation Days—“Evenings and Mornings”

One argument that the Sabbath Day is less than 24 hours claims that the duration of a day is somehow different because the phrase “the evening and the morning” is missing from the seventh day:

GENESIS 2:2-3 And on the seventh day God ended His work which He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had done. 3 Then God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it He rested from all His work which God had created and made.

The creation week describes events that occurred during seven 24-hour rotations of the earth (days). God worked during the first six days of the week and then rested on the seventh. Doing something different—resting, not working—did not change the rotation of the earth to less than 24 hours and neither does the absence of the phrase “the evening and the morning.”

Reasoning that the Sabbath is less than 24 hours because Scripture does not include the phrase “the evening and the morning” would require either the day itself to be less than 24 hours or God to have worked for only part of the seventh day. The former is clearly wrong because every day is 24 hours—the rotation of the earth does not speed up on the seventh day and slow down during the other six days.

But neither did God rest for only part of the seventh day—He rested for the entire day. Each of the six work days begin at evening so it is logical that the day of rest begins at the same time. If God was not resting, then He was working—by definition. If the seventh day is to be kept less than 24 hours, then God had to work not just the evening and morning of the sixth but also continue working into the evening of the seventh day. But just as God worked for 24 hours, He rested for 24 hours. It does not say that God rested on the ‘Sabbath’—He rested on the seventh day, which is 24 hours. The Bible actually proves this:

EXODUS 20:11 For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it.

The six days in which God worked are a direct reference to the six days in Genesis chapter 1 and verses 5, 8, 13, 19, 23, and 31. Each day consisted of “… the evening and the morning” so the first six days were all 24 hours each. No one argues to the contrary. In fact, those who claim that the Sabbath Day observance is less than 24 hours admit that the first six days are 24 hours. However, they claim the seventh day is different because it is missing that phrase.

That is just irrational. Exodus 20:11 says that God worked “six days,” referring to the six, 24-hour, days in Genesis. But Exodus 20:11 also says God rested on the “seventh day,” also a reference to Genesis. The Hebrew word for day (yowm) is the same everywhere in Genesis 1-2 as well as Exodus 20:11. Grammatically, it is impossible to assign 24 hours to the first six days and something different for the seventh because the same word is used. All seven days are one 24-hour rotation of the earth, which means that God worked and rested from one evening to the following evening. Just as the Passover and Days of Unleavened Bread are eight days from the 14th to the 21st and all begin and end at evening, the seven days that comprise a week in Genesis begin and end at evening. By definition, a week is seven days and all are 24 hours.

Moreover, if God had only rested for part of the seventh day, then Exodus 20:11 would have said, “For in six days and seven nights the LORD made the heavens and the earth ….” There are several scriptures where days and nights are separated[6] and, yet, still indicate days, so such phrasing would be completely acceptable if God had actually worked during the evening of the seventh day. However, God cannot lie[7]. He worked six days and then rested one day. Days are always 24 hours regardless of whether or not the phrase “the evening and the morning” is missing.

The Sabbath is the Name of the Seventh Day

The rotation of the earth is fixed and never changes so every day is 24 hours. The modern Gregorian calendar does not label the days of the week according to number but, rather, by names of Roman gods. Naming any particular day does not change the duration or the fact that a day is 24 hours. Every calendar in the world is based upon 24-hour days.

The same is true for the Sabbath Day, which is simply the name given to the seventh day just as Sunday is the Roman name given to the first day of the week. Interestingly, Genesis does not even mention Sabbath—the first use is in Exodus. Because the seventh day is 24 hours, so, too, is the name that God gave to it—the Sabbath Day:

EXODUS 20:8-11 “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. 9 Six days you shall labor and do all your work, 10 but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the LORD your God. … 11 For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it.

DEUTERONOMY 5:12-13 ‘Observe the Sabbath day, to keep it holy, as the LORD your God commanded you. 13 Six days you shall labor and do all your work, 14 but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the LORD your God. …

The Fourth Commandment names the entire 24 hours of “seventh day” the “Sabbath Day” because it is a 24-hour day of rest[8]. Both are called days and they are interchangeable references to identical 24-hour periods of time. The duration of the Sabbath observance is exactly the same as the duration of the seventh day. No calendar in existence divides seventh day into two periods of time: one designated the seventh night and the other the ‘Sabbath Day’. The 24-hour seventh day and the Sabbath Day are one and the same.

Night & Day vs. Day & Night

Some argue that the word order of the phrase “days and nights” is proof that the Sabbath Day begins at morning. They claim the order limits it to 12 hours of daytime because it begins with “day” and ends with “night”. One of the scriptures used is the time Jesus was in the tomb:

MATTHEW 12:40 “For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.

If this is an explicit order of days followed by nights, then Jesus had to be laid in the tomb about sunrise if the counting of the three days began in the daytime. However, Scripture clearly says Jesus was placed in the tomb at evening, not morning or daytime[9]:

MATTHEW 27:57-60 Now when evening had come, there came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who himself had also become a disciple of Jesus. 58 This man went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Then Pilate commanded the body to be given to him. 59 When Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, 60 and laid it [the body of Jesus] in his new tomb which he had hewn out of the rock; and he rolled a large stone against the door of the tomb, and departed.

So, either the order of “days and nights” is not important because Jesus was referring to a duration of three 24-hour days or Jonah was swallowed by the great fish[10] during the daytime. Either way, days begin at evening so the order here is not important.

The phrase “day and night” is used in many verses. But just as important is the fact that the phrase “night and day” is also found in numerous scriptures including:

1 Sam. 25:16; 2 Sam. 2:32; 1 Kings 8:29; Neh. 4:22; Esth. 4:16; Ps. 91:5; 139:12; Isa 27:3; 34:10; Jer. 14:17; Mark 4:27; 5:5; Luke 2:37; Acts 20:31; Rom. 13:12; 2 Cor. 11:25; 1 Thess. 2:9; 3:10; 2 Thess. 3:8; 1 Tim. 5:5; 2 Tim. 1:3.

The phrase “night and day” is always used when specifying a single 24-hour day such as in Genesis 1-2 where each day begins at the evening. It also applies to the Sabbath Day, Passover, the Days of Unleavened Bread, and Atonement (and all the other holydays) because all biblical days begin at evening and continue throughout the “night and day”. No day in the Bible begins at morning.

On the other hand, when the phrase “day and night” is used, many times it refers to a time sequence of an event that began during the daytime and continued into the following nighttime. When this occurs, it spans two or more consecutive days because each day is 24-hour from evening to evening. An event that begins during the daytime and continues into the nighttime spans two calendar days as is the case here:

JUDGES 19:9 And when the man stood to depart–he and his concubine and his servant–his father-in-law, the young woman’s father, said to him, “Look, the day is now drawing toward evening; please spend the night. See, the day is coming to an end; lodge here, that your heart may be merry. Tomorrow go your way early, so that you may get home.”

Finally, there are instances where the order of “day and night” does not matter at all because the focus is on the condition of darkness/nighttime or light/daytime. Here is one such example:

PSALM 42:8 The LORD will command His lovingkindness in the daytime, And in the night His song shall be with me– A prayer to the God of my life.

Epiphosko—Not the Time Prior to Sunrise

Another argument that the Sabbath Day is less than 24 hours involves the Greek word epiphosko in the New Testament. It is only used twice and always as a verb.

[FV] MATTHEW 28:1 Now late in the Sabbath, as the first day of the [weeks] began to dawn [G2020 = epiphosko (verb)], Mary Magdalene and the other Mary came to see the tomb.

LUKE 23:54 That day was the Preparation, and the Sabbath drew near [G2020 = epiphosko (verb)].

The verb epiphosko as well as the English verb dawn always mean ‘to begin to happen’ or ‘draw near’—they never refer to the period of time prior to sunrise.

To indicate the time prior to sunrise requires the Greek ximeróno, which is the noun form of sunrise or dawn.

Matthew 28:1 and Luke 23:54 refer to two different events but both specify they were very late in the day when they started. In fact, Matthew 28:1 reinforces that fact by stating it was “late in the Sabbath.” Epiphosko refers to the end of the day as evening draws near. Simply put, it is the time prior to sunset.

Even though epiphosko is one of the most infrequently used words in the Bible, those who misinterpret it are suggesting that this one particular Greek word establishes precedent over the rest of the Bible, including the Old Testament. Not only does this word have nothing to do with sunrise, proper exegesis of the Bible would immediately challenge the interpretation of a single Scripture or word that contradicts the rest of the Bible.

Other Scripture

One last argument uses the following Scripture, which does not have anything to do with specifying the beginning of any day much less the Sabbath Day:

MARK 16:1-2 Now when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices, that they might come and anoint Him. 2 Very early in the morning, on the first day of the [weeks], they came to the tomb when the sun had risen. 

This verse only says that the Sabbath Day was past (ended) when they went to the tomb “very early in the morning … when the sun had risen.” It refers to the time of day they arrived at the tomb; it does not indicate the beginning of a day.

Summary

Those who argue that the Sabbath Day observance is less than 24 hours cannot even remotely produce a viable argument for their claims. In reality, they are simply ignoring the overwhelming biblical evidence to the contrary:

1)       God rested the entire seventh day from evening to evening just as He worked a full 24 hours during each of the first six days.

2)       Sabbath Day is the name given to the 24 hours of the seventh day of the week. The name refers to the fact that the seventh day is called a “Sabbath of rest” (shabbath shabbathown).

3)       The phrase “days and nights” can refer to a duration of time or an order of events but the meaning is determined by context. “Night and day” is always used when specifying a 24-hour day.

4)       The Greek verb epiphosko used in Matthew 28:1 and Luke 23:54 always means ‘to begin to happen’ or ‘draw near’. It never refers to the period of time prior to sunrise.

 

CONCLUSION 

The rotation of the earth (measured at a meridian) confirms that a solar day is 24 hours; consisting of about 12 hours of darkness and about 12 hours of light. It is also clear that every day in the Bible begins and ends at evening. This applies to the Sabbath, Passover, holydays, and every other day of the year. No evidence, whether biblical or secular, exists to back any claims that the weekly Sabbath Day observance begins at sunrise or is less than 24 hours. Every one of God’s commanded observances are full 24-hour days that begin and end at evening, which occurs at sunset.

Claiming that the Sabbath Day begins at sunrise and ends at sunset has serious consequences because it is a false teaching and changes “times and Law.”[12] Furthermore, if observing the Sabbath Day is from sunrise to sunset, then that must also apply to the Passover and holydays because the duration of the Sabbath is not unique from the other commanded observances. This is especially true of the Sabbath and Atonement, both of which are a Sabbath rest, a day when work is prohibited, and a holy convocation. Eliminating the evening/nighttime portion of the Sabbath Day, would make it impossible to keep an evening/nighttime Passover observance[13] when it falls on the seventh day. The same applies to keeping That Night of the Lord (the evening of the first day of Unleavened Bread; aka, the night to be much observed)[14]. The whole concept of a sunrise to sunset Sabbath Day is not only irrational and has no basis for argument within the Bible but it is an abomination to God and brings a terrible judgment!